Food is ingested, reduced to particles, mixed with digestive fluids and enzymes, and propelled through the digestive tract. The vertebrate digestive system consists of the digestive tract (alimentary canal) and ancillary organs that serve for the acquisition of food and the assimilation of nutrients required for energy, growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Proper digestion could not take place without substantial numbers of indigenous bacteria, which are found throughout the digestive tract.Ī set of structures and organs in which food substances are digested. The major physiological activities of the digestive system are motility, secretion, digestion, and absorption. The nervous and endocrine systems control the activities of the digestive system. The gastrointestinal (digestive) tract of most vertebrates includes the headgut (mouthparts and pharynx), foregut (esophagus and stomach), midgut (small intestine), pancreas, biliary system (liver and gallblader), and hindgut (large intestine, cecum, colon, and rectum or cloaca). The digestive system is the organ system in which food substances are broken down in the body.
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